Android permission system provides, the user access to the third party apps and in return based on the permissions granted by the user, an app can access the related resource from the user's mobile. A user is bound to grant or deny permits during the installation of the application. For the most part, users don't focus on the asked permissions, or sometimes users do not understand the meaning of the permission and install the app on their device.

They allow a way for attackers to perform the malicious task by demanding for more than expected set of permissions. Developers have access to the same APIs that are used inside of core applications, as well as access to almost all existing Java libraries. The next level is where the road diverges.

The native libraries and the Android runtime exist in roughly the same space. These include all of the libraries in the green section of Figure The following sections contain descriptions of some of the more prominent native libraries and their functions inside of Android.

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Surface Manager is used for composing what any individual screen will look like. It also does some more subtle things that help Android run smoothly, such as off-screen buffering and transitions.

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This is a database used to persist information across sessions of an Android device. This is the default browser engine in the Android system and is available to system and third-party applications. The OpenGL engine processes graphics in Android. This also supports hardware acceleration on devices with dedicated graphic chips. Inside of the Android runtime are two primary components: the core Java libraries that Android provides, and the Dalvik virtual machine.

The last of the layers is the Linux kernel. Android was initially based on the Linux 2. Current versions of Android are based on the Linux 3. The Linux kernel provides access as close to the hardware as possible.

As a result, drivers are written in the kernel space to operate as fast and as efficiently as possible. These include things like controlling the internal radios, turning on the stereo and camera, dealing with power and battery charging, and operating the physical keyboard or buttons on the device.

The Linux kernel, like Android, is an open source project and is used widely, particularly on servers in enterprise environments.

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In November , the Open Handset Alliance OHA was established by 34 founding members dedicated to development of open mobile standards, including Google, mobile device manufacturers, application developers, embedded systems developers, and commercialization companies. The goal of this alliance as described in the web site is as follows:. Thanks to the services and products offered by members of the OHA, devices and related services are produced at higher quality for a lower price. After the purchase of Android, Inc.

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As stated by Google, the goal of the project is as follows:. The goal of the Android Open Source Project is to create a successful real-world product that improves the mobile experience for end users. Android is designed and maintained with backward capability in mind. Through the course of the AOSP, there have been many different versions of Android released for mobile devices.

When new Android versions are released, mobile device owners are allowed to choose whether to upgrade their OS. With every iteration of Android, a new SDK is made available to developers and various new features are added to supported devices. Software developers need to stay mindful of the legacy features from previous versions when developing new applications.

Astro showed off various core features of the Android OS and included many of the apps that Android users now know and love. Cupcake, released April 30, , was the next major version of Android to hit the commercial markets. Cupcake was based on the Linux kernel 2.

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The major changes were support for virtual keyboards, support for widgets on the home screen, animations added in various places, and auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth-capable devices. On a humorous side note, from Cupcake and onward all Android versions to date have been named after desserts. On September 15, , Google released Android version 1. With Donut came an updated Linux kernel from 2. Donut was the last version of Android in the 1. With SDK version 2.

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Large changes were made to the way that Android looked and felt on capable devices, including significant speed improvements in many different applications. The premier device for Android 2. On December 3, , Google updated Android to version 2. Apr 10 android operating systems ios operating system among vmware oct 16, operating system design, join the google and version of motivation: a pdf. A platform includes an introduction to be to enter the code of security researcher with its core operating system designed for the symbian, j.

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