By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies - if you wish to opt-out of non-essential cookies, you may do so below. These quantum phenomena are attempts to explain the world on an infinitesimally small scale, and have become relatively well known in the century or so since they were discovered. But they are barely the beginning of the weird and counterintuitive behaviours of atoms and subatomic particles. Many bizarre quantum effects still remain obscure.

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In this famous thought experiment, a cat is trapped in a box with radioactive material; if it decays, the radiation triggers a detector that releases a poison gas, and the cat is killed. But until we check inside to measure the outcome, the contents of the box are in two states simultaneously: in one there has been no decay and the cat is alive, and in the other there has been a decay and the cat is dead. At the moment we take a peek, the decision is made and the cat turns out to be dead or lives another day. But if you subtly peeked into the box thousands of times per second to keep an eye on the radioactive material, you might be able to alter its behaviour.

Depending on the way you observe, it turns out to be possible to either delay the decay called the quantum Zeno effect or accelerate it the quantum anti-Zeno effect. The twist is that the Zeno effects occur due to the disturbance caused by the measurement — even shaking the box without looking inside might be enough to do the trick.

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Building on this idea, scientists have shown that ghostly particles called neutrinos can be trapped in two or more states at once as they travel over hundreds of kilometres. Research shows that during the journey, the neutrinos have no definite flavour — they remain in a state of identity crisis, simultaneously many flavours at once. Quantum optics is an area of research involving light and its interactions with matter on the tiniest of scales.

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The Hong-Ou-Mandel effect describes the weird ways in which two photons can interact in a beam splitter, which is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two, like a prism. If two identical photons enter a beam splitter from either side as pictured , there are four different possibilities:.

As a result, 1 and 4 are the only results you ever see: both photons will always end up on the same side of the splitter. Astronomers studying an incredibly dense and strongly magnetised neutron star recently found the first evidence of a quantum effect called vacuum birefringence. Normally we would expect light to pass through the vacuum of space unchanged, but it turns out extreme magnetic fields, like those around a neutron star, can modify the properties of these virtual particles in a vacuum and affect the polarisation of passing light.

When the light reaches telescopes on Earth, we can see the outcome of this quantum effect on a macroscopic level.

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Research has found that temperature behaves in odd ways in graphene, an extraordinary material made of a single-layer sheet of carbon atoms. Electrons carrying heat propagate out in waves, and these ripples mean that some spots in the graphene remain cold while others heat up. Excitingly, the size of the ripples can be controlled so they can be observed with thermal microscopes, giving scientists a view into temperature at a quantum level. If we can harness this effect, it may lead to applications in computing, medicine, and environmental monitoring. US scientists have fashioned crystals that seem to defy the laws of physics.

Ordinary experience provides no clue of this principle. It is easy to measure both the position and the velocity of, say, an automobile , because the uncertainties implied by this principle for ordinary objects are too small to be observed. Only for the exceedingly small masses of atoms and subatomic particles does the product of the uncertainties become significant. Any attempt to measure precisely the velocity of a subatomic particle , such as an electron , will knock it about in an unpredictable way, so that a simultaneous measurement of its position has no validity.

This result has nothing to do with inadequacies in the measuring instruments, the technique, or the observer; it arises out of the intimate connection in nature between particles and waves in the realm of subatomic dimensions. Every particle has a wave associated with it; each particle actually exhibits wavelike behaviour.

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The particle is most likely to be found in those places where the undulations of the wave are greatest, or most intense. The more intense the undulations of the associated wave become, however, the more ill defined becomes the wavelength, which in turn determines the momentum of the particle. So a strictly localized wave has an indeterminate wavelength ; its associated particle, while having a definite position, has no certain velocity.



A particle wave having a well-defined wavelength, on the other hand, is spread out; the associated particle, while having a rather precise velocity, may be almost anywhere. A quite accurate measurement of one observable involves a relatively large uncertainty in the measurement of the other. The momentum of a particle is equal to the product of its mass times its velocity. The same relation holds, for an unstable atom or nucleus, between the uncertainty in the quantity of energy radiated and the uncertainty in the lifetime of the unstable system as it makes a transition to a more stable state.

Understanding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

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