A can operate at up to 1. It was designed to be operated end-to-end as an IP based network, can support any application which can operate on such a network and bit rate constraints. There have been several revisions of the standard, starting with Release 0; this was expanded upon with Revision A to support Quality of Service and higher rates on the forward and reverse link. In late , Revision B was published, whose features include the ability to bundle multiple carriers to achieve higher rates and lower latencies; the upgrade from EV-DO Rev.

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A to Rev. B involves a software update of the cell site modem , additional equipment for new EV-DO carriers. Existing cdma operators may have to retune some of their existing 1xRTT channels to other frequencies, as Rev. This provides a more market-friendly emphasis of the technology being data-optimized; the primary characteristic that differentiates an EV-DO channel from a 1xRTT channel is that it is time multiplexed on the forward link.

This means that a single mobile has full use of the forward traffic channel within a particular geographic area during a given slot of time. The forward channel is divided into each being 1. In addition to user traffic, overhead channels are interlaced into the stream, which include the'pilot', which helps the mobile find and identify the channel, the Media Access Channel which tells the mobile devices when their data is scheduled, the'control channel', which contains other information the network needs the mobile devices to know; the modulation to be used to communicate with a given mobile unit is determined by the mobile device itself.

It communicates this information back to the serving sector in the form of an integer between 1 and 12 on the "Digital Rate Control" channel. Alternatively, the mobile can select a "null" rate, indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data at any rate, or that it is attempting to hand off to another serving sector. The DRC values are as follows: Another important aspect of the EV-DO forward link channel is the scheduler; the scheduler most used is called "proportional fair".

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It's designed to maximize sector throughput while guaranteeing each user a certain minimum level of service; the idea is to schedule mobiles reporting higher DRC indices more with the hope that those reporting worse conditions will improve in time. The system incorporates Incremental Redundancy Hybrid ARQ; each sub-packet of a multi-slot transmission is a turbo-coded replica of the original data bits.

This allows mobiles to acknowledge a packet. For example, if a mobile transmits a DRC index of 3 and is scheduled to receive data. Graphics processing unit A graphics processing unit is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device.

GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers and game consoles. Modern GPUs are efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing, their parallel structure makes them more efficient than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms that process large blocks of data in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card or embedded on the motherboard.

Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the s.

In early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor. Fujitsu's MB video shifter was used to accelerate the drawing of sprite graphics for various s arcade games from Taito and Midway, such as Gun Fight , Sea Wolf and Space Invaders ; the Namco Galaxian arcade system in used specialized graphics hardware supporting RGB color, multi-colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds. The Galaxian hardware was used during the golden age of arcade video games , by game companies such as Namco , Gremlin , Konami , Nichibutsu and Taito.

In the home market, the Atari in used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor ; the Atari 8-bit computers had ANTIC , a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a "display list"—the way the scan lines map to specific bitmapped or character modes and where the memory is stored. It became one of the best known of; the Williams Electronics arcade games Robotron , Joust and Bubbles, all released in , contain custom blitter chips for operating on color bitmaps.

In , the Commodore Amiga featured a custom graphics chip, with a blitter unit accelerating bitmap manipulation, line draw, area fill functions. Included is a coprocessor with its own primitive instruction set, capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam, or driving the blitter. In , Texas Instruments released the TMS , the first microprocessor with on-chip graphics capabilities.

It could run general-purpose code, but it had a graphics-oriented instruction set. In , this chip would become the basis of the Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture Windows accelerator cards.

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In , the IBM graphics system was released as one of the first video cards for IBM PC compatibles to implement fixed-function 2D primitives in electronic hardware; the same year, Sharp released the X , which used a custom graphics chipset , powerful for a home computer at the time, with a 65, color palette and hardware support for sprites and multiple playfields serving as a development machine for Capcom's CP System arcade board.

Fujitsu competed with the FM Towns computer, released in with support for a full 16,, color palette. In , the first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System. In , S3 Graphics introduced the S3 86C, which its designers named after the Porsche as an indication of the performance increase it promised.

The 86C spawned a host of imitators: by , all major PC graphics chip makers had added 2D acceleration support to their chips. By this time, fixed-function Windows accelerators had surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, these coprocessors faded away from the PC market.

Throughout the s, 2D GUI acceleration continued to evolve; as manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Additional application programming interfaces arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's WinG graphics library for Windows 3. In the early- and mids, real-time 3D graphics were becoming common in arcade and console games, which led to an increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the Sega Model 1, Namco System 22 , Sega Model 2, the fifth-generation video game consoles such as the Saturn, PlayStation and Nintendo GSM GSM is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets.

It may refer to the most common voice codec used, Full Rate. Five years in , 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe , EU rules were passed to make GSM a mandatory standard; the decision to develop a continental standard resulted in a unified, standard-based network, larger than that in the United States. In parallel France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in and were joined by Italy and the UK in The following year saw the sending of the first short messaging service message, Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international roaming agreement.

That year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available. In the same year, the GSM Association formed. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded million. EDGE services first became operational in a network in , the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in GSM, for the first time, set a common standard for Europe for wireless networks.

It was adopted by many countries outside Europe. This allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks; the common standard reduced research and development costs, since ha. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, is the largest South Korean chaebol. Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in as a trading company.

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Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, insurance and retail. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mids. Since , Samsung has globalised its activities and electronics; as of , Samsung has the 6th highest global brand value.

Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics and culture and has been a major driving force behind the " Miracle on the Han River ". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is "tri-star" or "three stars"; the word "three" represents something "big and powerful".

In , Lee Byung-chul of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong, it dealt in locally-grown groceries and noodles.

The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in ; when the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul. He started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In , Lee built the plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu, it was the largest woollen mill in the country. Samsung diversified into many different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a wide range of industries.

Samsung moved into lines of business such as insurance and retail. After a few years and Lee separated due to differences in management style. Cho wanted a 30 equity share. Its first product was a black-and-white television set. In , Samsung acquired the Gumi-based Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin and entered telecommunications hardware, its early products were switchboards.

The facility was developed into the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became the center of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing. They have produced over million mobile phones to date. The company grouped them together under Samsung Electronics in the s. Today these separated groups are independent and they are not part of or connected to the Samsung Group. One Hansol Group representative said, "Only people ignorant of the laws governing the business world could believe something so absurd", adding, "When Hansol separated from the Samsung Group in , it severed all payment guarantees and share-holding ties with Samsung affiliates.

One Shinsegae department store executive director said, "Shinsegae has no payment guarantees associated with the Samsung Group". In s, Samsung Electronics began to invest in research and development, investments that were pivotal in pushing the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. This makes the Austin location the largest foreign investment in Texas and.

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For supercomputers, which consume large amounts of electricity, ARM could be a power-efficient solution. ARM Holdings periodically releases updates to the architecture. Architecture versions ARMv3 to ARMv7 support bit arithmetic; the Thumb version supports a variable-length instruction set that provides both and bit instructions for improved code density.