The proposed Open Wireless Architecture OWA in is targeted to provide open baseband processing modules with open interface parameters to support different existing as well as future wireless communication standards. The referenced work above provides a ground for definition of a concept for beyond 4G mobile networks, referred in this paper as 5G mobile networks. In the proposed concept the mobile user is on the top of all.

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies.

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The paper also proposes intelligent Internet phone concept where the mobile phone can choose the best connections by selected constraints and dynamically change them during a single end-to-end connection. Toggle Navigation. Seminars Topics. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve.

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As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services HSCSD as well. CDMA networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 2. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies.

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Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed data transfer rates. However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service.

Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards.

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The fourth generation 4G is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 1Gbps. Some of the applications of 4G are: I. Mobile TV — a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be watched.

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Video on demand — a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone. Video conferencing — subscribers can see as well as talk to each other. Tele-medicine — a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber. Location-based services — a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends. Mobile ultra-broadband gigabit speed access and multi-carrier transmission. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology.

The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. Routing and detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength selective, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in photonic networks.

This results in a higher bandwidth of the signal than the one without varied frequency. Data link layer define the wireless technology. The system consists of a user terminal which has a crucial role in the new architecture and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. For an example, if we want to have access to four different RATs, we need to have four different accesses - specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional applications and servers somewhere on the Internet.

Routing of packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies of the user. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is a unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol.

Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-end between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server. This means that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and unchanged.

Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user at least on one end of such connection. In Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask In regular inter- system handover the change of access technology i.

Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and starting a new one. In order to solve this deficiency we propose a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network access technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack.

This layer is crucial in the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in complete coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction functions and routing of packets based on defined policies.

At the same time this control system is an essential element through which it can determine the quality of service for each transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user towards a given server in Internet or peer.

Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the proposed architecture, is presented in Figure Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture. The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to the terminal i. In fact, the tunnels would be established between the user terminal and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies.

In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol. This way we achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the mobile terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the radio access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol.

To create such an environment, one needs to integrate various applications, emerging from various engineering practices. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon and, hence, more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices cell phones, PDAs, etc to do more tasks instructions per minute then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. Finally your cell phone will not be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio Resource Management functions.

Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimeter, giving it the name millimeter band or millimeter wave, sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmW. Therefore they have a short range and can only be used for terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. In particular, signals in the 57—64 GHz region are subject to a resonance of the oxygen molecule and are severely attenuated. Even over relatively short distances, rain fade is a serious problem, caused when absorption by rain reduces signal strength. In climates other than deserts absorption due to humidity also has an impact on propagation.

While this absorption limits potential communications range, it also allows for smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The small wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam width, further increasing frequency reuse potential. The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limits propagation to a few kilometers. Thus they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse. They show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces around 1 ft.

Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading. Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices shadowing due to the human body is a problem Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The ITU non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at Currently operational U. Millimeter wave radar is used in short-range fire control radar in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns CIWS on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles.

The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together. The U. Air Force has developed a nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial System ADS which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm. The weapon is reportedly not Frequency in Ghz Uses of the millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications, intersatellite links, and point-to-multipoint communications.

Because of shorter wavelengths, the band permits the use of smaller antennas than would be required for similar circumstances in the lower bands, to achieve the same high directivity and high gain. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient use of the spectrum for point-to- multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area than less directive antennas, the net result is higher reuse of the spectrum, and higher density of users, as compared to lower frequencies.

An antenna array consists of N identical antenna elements arranged in a particular geometry, where the geometry of the array determines the amount of coverage in a given spatial region. A very widely used array type is the uniform linear array. For a given array geometry, the phases and amplitudes of the currents exciting the elements determine the gain of the array in a certain direction.

In order to better estimate a signal arriving from a particular direction, the phases and amplitudes of the currents on the antenna array elements can be electronically adjusted such that received signals from this direction add in phase, and maximum gain is achieved in that direction. Due to the reciprocal nature of antennas, this approach is also applicable to focus the array beam for transmission. The antenna could optionally be any sensor.