Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities contain two mobile operating systems — the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary real-time operating system which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.

Mobile operating systems have majority use since , thus traditional desktop OS is now a minority used kind of OS. However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority applies on some days in regions such as United States and United Kingdom. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, above all by Nokia.

BlackBerry releases its first smartphone. By , webOS devices were discontinued. September — Apple releases iOS 6. September — Apple releases iOS 7. October Canonical announced Ubuntu Touch , a version of the Linux distribution expressly designed for smartphones; the OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.

Google releases Android KitKat 4. February — Microsoft releases Windows Phone 8. September Apple releases iOS 9. Google releases Android 6. October — On October 26, BlackBerry announced that there are no plans to release new APIs and software development kits for BlackBerry 10, future updates would focus on security and privacy enhancements only.

November — Microsoft releases Windows 10 Mobile. June — Apple announced iOS August — Google posted the Fuchsia source code on GitHub. August — Google released Android 7. September — Apple released iOS November — Tizen released Tizen 3. November — BlackBerry released BlackBerry April — Samsung offic.

Computer keyboard In computing, a computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input method for computers.

Keyboard keys have characters engraved or printed on them, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, producing some symbols may require pressing and holding several keys or in sequence.

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While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs, other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands. In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface for typing text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or any other program. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other key and reports all key presses to the controlling software.

Keyboards are used for computer gaming — either regular keyboards or keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination. Although on Pre-Windows 95 Microsoft operating systems this forced a re-boot, now it brings up a system security options screen.

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A command-line interface is a type of user interface navigated using a keyboard, or some other similar device that does the job of one. While typewriters are the definitive ancestor of all key-based text entry devices, the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication derives from the utility of two devices: teleprinters and keypunches, it was through such devices.

As early as the s, teleprinter-like devices were used to type and transmit stock market text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to stock ticker machines to be copied and displayed onto ticker tape. The teleprinter , in its more contemporary form, was developed from to by American mechanical engineer Charles Krum and his son Howard, with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne.

Earlier, Herman Hollerith developed the first keypunch devices, which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the s; the keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication for most of the 20th century, while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long. The development of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards: the development of the ENIAC computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper-based output device, while the BINAC computer made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape and data output.

The keyboard remained the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in By this time, text-only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to comparatively graphics-rich icons on screen.

However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present as mobile personal computing devices such as smartphones and tablets adapt the keyboard as an optional virtual, touchscreen-based means of data entry. One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys, such as a separate numeric keyboard or two each of Shift, ALT and CTL for convenience.

Further the keyboard size depends on the extent to which a system is used where a single action is produced by a combination of subsequent or simultaneous keystrokes, or multiple pressing of a single key. A keyboard with few keys is called a keypad. Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the spacing of the keys. Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be pressed by fingers.

Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers, have a key travel of at least 0. The enter key is shaped differently.

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Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard. There are three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with keys.

The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, the shift key. Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel distance, a reduced set of keys, they may not have a numeric keypad, the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch. Virgin Islands. In January , Cingular confirmed.

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Although the legal corporate name change occurred for both regulatory and brand-awareness reasons both brands were used in the company's signage and advertising during a transition period; the transition concluded in late June, just prior to the rollout of the Apple iPhone. However, the U. Unlimited data plans may be speed throttled. On the TV requirement was dropped for the Unlimited Plan followed by the introduction of the new Unlimited Plus and Choice plan series.

The joint venture created the nation's second-largest carrier. The combined company had a customer base of 46 million people at the time, making Cingular the largest wireless provider in the United States. Windows Mobile Windows Mobile is a discontinued family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs. Its origin dated back to Windows CE in , though Windows Mobile itself first appeared in as PocketPC , it was renamed "Windows Mobile" in , at which point it came in several versions and was aimed at business and enterprise consumers.

It became one of the most popular mobile operating systems as of the mids, but its popularity faded in the following years, by February , facing competition from rival mobile OSs, including Apple's iOS and Android , Microsoft announced Windows Phone to supersede Windows Mobile; as a result, Windows Mobile has been deprecated.

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Windows Phone is incompatible with software; the last version of Windows Mobile, released after the announcement of Windows Phone, was 6. After this, Microsoft ceased development on Windows Mobile, in order to concentrate on Windows Phone. Most versions of Windows Mobile have a standard set of features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT , including support for many of the same file types.

To its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser, Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media; the mobile version of Microsoft Office , is the default office suite. Internet Connection Sharing , supported on compatible devices, allows the phone to share its Internet connection with computers via USB and Bluetooth. Most devices with mobile connectivity have a Radio Interface Layer ; the Radio Interface Layer provides the system interface between the Cell Core layer within the Windows Mobile OS and the radio protocol stack used by the wireless modem hardware.

This allows OEMs to integrate a variety of modems into their equipment; the user interface changed between versions, only retaining similar functionality.

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The Today Screen called the Home Screen, shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mails, tasks. The taskbar display the current time as well as the volume level. Devices with a cellular radio show the signal strength on said taskbar.

Windows Mobile is based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC operating system, it includes a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API, is designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. It allowed third party developers to develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft.

Software applications were purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's lifespan. Most early Windows Mobile devices came with a stylus , which can be used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen; the primary touch input technology behind most devices were resistive touchscreens which required a stylus for input.