The use of LBSs continues to become ever-increasing in view of the integration of multiple wireless technologies onto various wireless communication devices e. As such, an improved means for performing location determination using hybrid location techniques is presented herein. Such a hybrid approach is inherently improved when compared to relying on a single technology, such as global positioning system GPS alone to determine the location of such a wireless communication device.

This determined location information is used to offer location based services LBS. The market penetration of Bluetooth into various wireless communication devices e. Note that the network hardware , which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, etc. Wireless communication devices , , and are located within an independent basic service set IBSS area and communicate directly i.

In this configuration, these devices , , and may only communicate with each other. The base stations or access points , are located within basic service set BSS areas and , respectively, and are operably coupled to the network hardware via local area network connections , Such a connection provides the base station or access point - with connectivity to other devices within the system and provides connectivity to other networks via the WAN connection To communicate with the wireless communication devices within its BSS or , each of the base stations or access points - has an associated antenna or antenna array.

For instance, base station or access point wirelessly communicates with wireless communication devices and while base station or access point wirelessly communicates with wireless communication devices - Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point , to receive services from the communication system Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone systems e.

For cellular telephone hosts, the radio is a built-in component. As illustrated, the host device - includes a processing module , memory , a radio interface , an input interface , and an output interface The processing module and memory execute the corresponding instructions that are typically done by the host device. For example, for a cellular telephone host device, the processing module performs the corresponding communication functions in accordance with a particular cellular telephone standard.

The radio interface allows data to be received from and sent to the radio For data received from the radio e. The output interface provides connectivity to an output display device such as a display, monitor, speakers, etc. The radio interface also provides data from the processing module to the radio The processing module may receive the outbound data from an input device such as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, etc. The antenna implementation will depend on the particular standard to which the wireless communication device is compliant. The digital receiver processing module and the digital transmitter processing module , in combination with operational instructions stored in memory , execute digital receiver functions and digital transmitter functions, respectively.

The digital receiver and transmitter processing modules and may be implemented using a shared processing device, individual processing devices, or a plurality of processing devices. The memory may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices.

In operation, the radio receives outbound data from the host device via the host interface The host interface routes the outbound data to the digital transmitter processing module , which processes the outbound data in accordance with a particular wireless communication standard e. The outbound baseband signals will be digital base-band signals e. The digital-to-analog converter converts the outbound baseband signals from the digital domain to the analog domain.

The IF mixing stage converts the analog baseband or low IF signals into RF signals based on a transmitter local oscillation provided by local oscillation module The power amplifier amplifies the RF signals to produce outbound RF signals , which are filtered by the transmitter filter module The radio also receives inbound RF signals via the antenna , which were transmitted by a base station, an access point, or another wireless communication device.

The Rx filter provides the filtered RF signals to low noise amplifier , which amplifies the signals to produce an amplified inbound RF signals. The low noise amplifier provides the amplified inbound RF signals to the IF mixing module , which directly converts the amplified inbound RF signals into an inbound low IF signals or baseband signals based on a receiver local oscillation provided by local oscillation module The high pass and low pass filter module filters, based on settings provided by the channel bandwidth adjust module , the inbound low IF signals or the inbound baseband signals to produce filtered inbound signals.

The analog-to-digital converter converts the filtered inbound signals from the analog domain to the digital domain to produce inbound baseband signals , where the inbound baseband signals will be digital base-band signals or digital low IF signals, where the low IF typically will be in the frequency range of one hundred kHz to a few MHz. The host interface provides the recaptured inbound data to the host device - via the radio interface As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the wireless communication device of the embodiment of FIG. For example, the host device may be implemented on one integrated circuit, the digital receiver processing module , the digital transmitter processing module and memory may be implemented on a second integrated circuit, and the remaining components of the radio , less the antenna , may be implemented on a third integrated circuit.

As an alternate example, the radio may be implemented on a single integrated circuit. As yet another example, the processing module of the host device and the digital receiver and transmitter processing modules and may be a common processing device implemented on a single integrated circuit. Any of the various embodiments of communication device that may be implemented within various communication systems can incorporate functionality to perform communication via more than one standard, protocol, or other predetermined means of communication.

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In some embodiments, the wireless communication device includes a location determination circuitry which may include a memory module a that is operative to store one or more maps, database components, etc. Each of these radio circuitries is coupled to a baseband circuitry that is operative to perform various digital signal processing functions as well.

Depending on which components are particularly implemented within the wireless communication device i. Also, in embodiments where the wireless communication device includes a BT transceiver , the wireless communication device may also be operative to communicate with another BT communication device c.

Clearly, in embodiments where the wireless communication device includes an n-th LBS communication circuitry , the wireless communication device may also be operative to communicate with an n-th communication device n e. In many or most situations, the location of an AP is known.

Such information is communicated with and may be extracted from the MAC address associated with a communication from such an AP. In terms of determining location of the wireless communication device , the determined location of the WLAN AP a may be used to make an estimate of the location of the wireless communication device As such, a preliminary estimate of the location of the wireless communication device may be made.

Once the location of the WLAN AP a or the wireless communication device is known, then that known location may be used to determine the various communication services that may be available in that locale for use by the wireless communication device The wireless communication device may then use one or more of such LBSs. This embodiment has some similarities to the previous embodiment For example, wireless communication device may be implemented using a single integrated circuit a , one or more integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, etc.

Also, depending on which components are particularly implemented within the wireless communication device i. In embodiments where the wireless communication device includes an n-th LBS communication circuitry , the wireless communication device may also be operative to communicate with an n-th communication device n e. There is significant re-use or sharing of processing resources, circuitry, etc.

For example, the one or more antennae of the wireless communication device , the low noise amplifier LNA stages and automatic gain control AGC stages, one or more mixers, etc. Even the filter structure within the BT RX circuitry b is same for both BT communications as well as for WLAN communications with only difference being the values of the coefficients used for each. One additional functional block or circuitry employed to process the beacons provided in accordance with WLAN communications is a SYNC functional block or circuitry, which operates to remove Barker spreading and to identify the strongest signal path, based on which frame timing is determined.

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RSSI information may also e measured, for applications where this additional piece of information is useful e. Referring to the memory a or a of the previous embodiments, a wireless communication device or user operating such wireless communication device may download e. Alternatively, if the size of a much larger database e. This would operate to give the co-located GPS operative device a good head-start towards initial acquisition in terms of location determination thereby. In accordance with performing location determination for a communication device that is only BT capable when no collocated GPS is available, those LBSs that are nearby may also be identified.

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Therein, the iPhone and iTouch use software from Skyhook Wireless for this purpose. As mentioned above, RSSI information may be used to further refine the accuracy of the wireless communication device's location estimate e. In general, all demodulated WLAN bits from the beacon could simply be dumped to memory, in order for Firmware to post-process this information in order to obtain the MAC address and other relevant information. RSSI may also be measured on the beacons frames; for array antenna based platforms, the measurement accuracy would be improved even in disperse channels.

As referred to above, only a reduced or minimum amount of IEEE With respect to the radio circuitry within such a wireless communication device, the radio receiver path need only be modified in a very minor way to accommodate the 20 MHz wide WLAN signal bandwidth, which is currently narrower to remove ambient country identifier ACI and blockers for Bluetooth. The first AADF stages of the radio receiver path have wider than 20 MHz bandwidths and the DS oversampling is high enough to obtain adequate dynamic range.

With respect to the baseband processing circuitry within such a wireless communication device, the automatic gain control AGC circuitry, the IEEE To simplify the baseband processing, there is no need to include any RAKE matched filtering. For more disperse channels, the signal to noise ratio SNR penalty will increase by taking this short-cut, but in typical cases there may be a minor loss of performance e.

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This minor performance loss may be compensated by the fact that in order to minimize the hidden-node problem, AP's usually connected to wall-power outlets providing V AC at approximately 60 Hz transmit at higher and at fixed transmit levels, than wireless stations STAs. Thus, a simplified baseband hardware module or circuitry of such a wireless communication device may simply comprise of a BMF simple, tap FIR filter running at 22 MHz. Also, the SYNC block simply picks the strongest path component. Early-late time tracking is performed on samples out of the BMF.

Bluetooth's Early-Late hardware can be reused for time tracking purposes. Basically, the BMF gives synchronization to within 1 chip and then time tracking is done to reduce the synchronization error further. Carrier frequency offset CFO , due to differences in the transmitter and receiver local oscillators Los , results in a constant phase error at the output of the demodulator and can also be removed by reusing BT circuitry. Also, the start of frame delimiter SFD is also used from the frame sync.

The IEEE The rate adapter hardware in the current BT design is able to provide this. Also, the very same configurable channel select filter as used in current BT design may be employed for processing the beacons provided by the WLAN AP. However it is noted that this will need to be clocked at a higher frequency to accommodate the 20 MHz signal. As can be seen, the vast majority of components within the BT receiver may be also used to perform the processing of received beacons from the WLAN AP.

The BT receiver architecture lends itself well to a significant level of sharing for use in BT communications.

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The main digital block needed is the SYNC block to remove the Barker spreading and identify the strongest signal path, based on which frame timing is determined. Also, it is noted that there may be only a need to store demodulated bits from the beacons themselves e. In an age where most manufacturers have been focusing heavily on their pixels per inch rating, led initially by Apple with its so-called Retina Display, the 8S is a letdown.

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It feels simply lovely in the hand, it has decent specifications and performs pretty well in practice. The bottom of the phone, and the rims that surround the earpiece speaker and camera lens all have a brighter tone than the rest of the handset. Plus, there are a few choices if you do want something a bit less garish. The light and dark blue combo HTC treated us too looks fantastic to our eyes. The back of the phone is largely a single curved piece of soft-touch plastic.