GPS for the utilities industry

Each test lasted approximately 10 minutes, enough time to excite the several vibration modes of the footbridge. Figure 12 illustrates the layout of the instruments used on a footbridge and Figures 13 and 14 illustrate the layout of these instruments in the footbridge. The electro-mechanical oscillator was adjusted to apply a displacement with amplitude of 12 mm and frequency of 1. Another observer determined with the aid of a stopwatch, the approximate frequency of the footbridge at the same time.

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And the values obtained for the scale ranged between 8 and 12 mm and frequency varied in the range from to cycles per second, this value of frequency of vibration induced by pedestrians, as set out by PRETLOVE et al. During the tests, the antenna was set in electro-mechanical oscillator to have a peak in the spectrum of known frequency and amplitude, and then serve as a calibrator for the peak due to the displacement of the bridge.

Thus, the oscillator was adjusted to apply movement amplitude of 3 mm, with a frequency of 1 Hz at the antenna. The forced vibration tests were performed using a mobile people and cargo, which walked in an orderly way on the board Figures 15 and Figure 17 presents the data obtained with the transducer displacement during the filed test carried out in a footbridge with pedestrians on moving - figures above -.

GPS Applications Part 1

By means of maximum and minimum values recorded it was determined the amplitude of displacement, resulting in 13 mm. Applying the Fast Fourier Transform FFT to these values in the spectrum, it can clearly see the peak corresponding to the periodic movements recorded by the displacement transducer, with frequency of 2. Figure 19 illustrates the residuals of double phase difference between these satellites. The spectral analysis of these residues Figure 20 allows extracting the frequency value of the electro-mechanical device, 1.

In Figure 20 it can be observed also that the corresponding peak to the displacement applied by the oscillator at the antenna is perfect because the movements are applied by a machine - the electro-mechanical device. Measuring up in Figure 20, it was obtained: Table 1 - Values of natural frequency and amplitude of displacement obtained with the GPS and the transducer Equipment Frequency of footbridge Vertical amplitude response to pedestrians displacement mm walked Hz GPS — 20 Hz e antena 2. The spectral analysis showed the occurrence of more two peaks, besides the peak due to oscillations caused by the electro-mechanical device in the antenna, with a frequency value of 1.

In Figures 21 and 22, below, illustrates besides these two peaks, the peak of frequency value equal to 3. Two GPS receivers that were the reference stations were installed on top of a gravel mountain, 30 m from the end of the bridge going to south span, which is the highest place close to the bridge Figures 25 and In the bodyguard of the central span were installed two GPS receivers on the electro-mechanical device to register well known oscillations besides of the bridge Figures 27 and All receivers were programmed to collect data with a 5Hz rate. Figura 29 — Design truck Figura 30 — Design truck 5.

The crossed takes nearly 75 seconds.

In Figure 32 it is possible to see clearly the graphic description of vertical displacement of the instrumented middle span section that reached 8 cm amplitude. Therefore, other four design-trucks were asked to stop in the middle of the central span to take the measures with the Total Station, obtaining a mean value 8.

Figure 33 illustrates the residuals of double difference phase for all satellites in relation to the PRN 02, as it was looking for by a lateral dynamic behavior of a central span. And in Figure 33 is possible to see clearly the graphic description of the lateral displacement of the instrumented section in the central span, where a design-truck of 60 tons crossed the bridge. The crossed takes nearly 45 s.

GPS for forestry and natural resources

Figure 34 illustrates only the residuals of the lowest satellite PRN 31 for better visualization of the lateral dynamic displacement caused by a mobile load of 60 tons. The lateral frequency value of the deck was 0. The amplitude of dynamic displacement showed the average value of 3. Furthermore, the lateral displacement of the board, when the truck starts to cross, reaches the middle of the deck and starts to exit the bridge, has average amplitude of 3.

The lateral frequency of the deck was 0. And therefore it ensured to GPS the label of monitoring instruments and characterization of the dynamic behavior of structures.

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Therefore, the results proved the efficiency and capability of the collection method and GPS data analysis to obtain the frequency values and amplitude of dynamic displacement, showing that the limitation imposed by the necessity of a particular satellite geometric configuration, in this case did not prejudiced the program and performing the tests.

As the method does not required a good geometric distribution of satellites - and only two satellites -, allows obtaining reliable results on the dynamic behavior of a structure in any latitude of the globe. The use of electro-mechanical oscillator as a calibrator was reliable, providing also to produce calibrated values of frequencies and amplitudes of unknown displacements, since the electro-mechanical oscillator can be used to produce known oscillations.

The results of the second test of on using the method of this research on a large man-made road structure, the Hawkshaw Cable-stayed Bridge showed the full possibility on using GPS for characterizing the dynamic behavior of this type of structure. Given the above, it was concluded that GPS, or the method of data collection employed, allows for the graphical description of the dynamic displacement amplitude of the middle span deck and the identification of modal frequencies of bridges under the controlled traffic action or not, may be used by engineering as a tool for monitoring structures.

The Fast Fourier Transform. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. KO, J. Studies of vibration-based damage detection of three cable-supported bridges in Hong Kong. Civil Engineering in the 21st Century, J. Song and G. Zhou eds. June Santa Catarina - Brasil, Artigo n. GPS satellite Surveying.

New York, John Willey, Download PDF.

Cable-stayed footbridge with stress laminated timber deck composed of curved modules. Construction and Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges. New York: Vibrations Induced By People. CEB, Vibration Problems in Structures. Appendix G, p. Dynamic Monitoring of Deforming Structures: Deformation Measurements and Analysis. USA, April. GPS Solutions, v. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. TANG, M.

Suspension Bridges. Wai-Fah, C. Bridge Engineering Handbook. GIS is cutting-edge technology that provides a platform and the tools to create, manage, analyze, and visualize large data volumes, and turn them into simplistic formats for other people to view and communicate. Sustainable development through civil engineering companies needs complete penetration of GIS for all its projects and developments. The question remains, why GIS?

GIS has the power to flow and integrate its technology through complete interoperability and multiple data formats. Through centralized technology, GIS delivers construction companies and professionals to perform spatial analysis, overlap data, and integrate various other systems from other platforms and software. This enables civil engineers to create, manage, edit, share, and evaluate various data streams for multiple project cycles. This paper deals with the hardware implementation of base band acquisition and tracking modules of a GPS receiver using system generator 9.

The implementation will be tested on Lyrtech small form factor-software Generation of 17MHz Intermediate frequency has been done. The acquisition module based on parallel code phase search acquisition algorithm has been tried out.

GPS Applications Part 1

The results are being tested for correctness and accuracy. After this the tracking module will be implemented. This is an old age saying but ever new, and it is most befitting in context of river, lake or pond quality management. Due to rapid industrialisation and intensive irrigation the flow in our streams is ever decreasing, which is posing Due to rapid industrialisation and intensive irrigation the flow in our streams is ever decreasing, which is posing more stress on self purifying capacity of stream.

It has been felt lately that the Lakha Banjara Lake which is a substantial lake in Bundelkhand region is fast losing its importance because of the degradation in its water quality. Various physical and chemical tests are carried out on the samples of the two sources and quality index of each is studied. The main focus is to compare the quality of the two sources and point out the deterioration of water quality, changes in its properties and adverse effects on environment.

Applications of geospatial technologies for practitioners: