In terms of our lower limit. So, that really defines our lower temperature too. So if our, if we're going to operate the condenser at let's say ambient pressure,. And again, that's linked to how are we going to cool the condenser. And typically we're going to, it might be a little better than ambient air. In order to keep those temperatures, let's say more like 50 degrees. Fahrenheit, if we're using like a large water as a reservoir to cool in the. So again, for the lower limit, it's.

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The upper limit p high is little less. What we will bump into are materials. So, as we increase the pressure in the. And what we are typically constrained by right now are the material properties. So, the turbine has a maximum inlet. And we'll talk about that more in our. Okay, so real power cycles. Where are the losses? So, I promised you we'd actually talk.

And again, we'll start with our. So, here's my vapor dome like before. Let's draw my basic power cycle, in ideal. So, we'll put our two isobars on here. So, we have the entrance to the turbine. We expand across the turbine. There's two. Exit of the condenser remember is a. We compressed through the pump, and that.

So, with heat exchangers, remember the. And remember this is the condenser, and this is the boiler. And the primary way that we're going to see a loss on the boiler of the condenser. So, we're going to lose some of that. So, if we were to drop the actual process. So, this would be one, the exit of the boiler with losses, and this is what they. So, we'll lose some of the operating. With the turbine, this is the ideal.

Remember, we said it's adiabatic and. Those are the two criteria for the ideal. A real turbine is non-isentropic. So, this is the exit state of the boiler with losses. Real turbines and real pumps are non-isentropic. So then, we'll call this 2actual. And this would be two isentropic. And what we would do is compare the device performance, we will circle back. We talked about ideal cycle performance and how we used the Carnot Cycle to. Devise performance is also defined by the.

And what we would do is compare the work out of these two processes. The isentropic process and then the actual process.

Graphing Systems of Non-Linear Equations by:Anthony Bo by Anthony Boykin on Prezi

And we would define that as the device efficiency. And again, just so you have a reference and some foreshadow for where we're. You know, if you have a lower performer, it might be in the 70 percentile. The exit state of the turbine still has to get that exit pressure. The entrance pressure to the condenser. Or the exit pressure at the turbine. And then, again in a heat exchanger, we'll indicate our losses as being. And nominally, you're not going to lose. Because at that point you're going to. You would have ambient pressure, ambient. So, this probably limited by the ambient.

And then, again, we're going to target that the exit condition has to be a fully. And in the case of the pump, non ideal. So, this is the actual exit condition. Again, I'm going to aim for the boiler's. And this is the isentropic exit. So, again, the, the losses are for each. And the way we describe those component.

So, for turbines and pumps, they're non-isentropic. For real boilers and condensers, are non-isobaric. So, heat transfer systems have some very. So, for pumps and turbines we're going to use efficiencies. So, we will define a turbine efficiency and pump efficiencies. For these heat exchangers, we define effectiveness. And so, that's usually denoted as a Greek letter e and that's, again, effectiveness. Now, that's very sophisticated. It's a whole science in and of itself. And so, we won't cover the details of how. Again, just like for the turbine and pump. What's the actual work required by a pump.

Similarly, if I give you the effectiveness, you should be able to. Defining the effeciencies for the turbine and the pump, and defining the. But it's a pretty straight forward science that's based on everything you. So, it's a natural next step for what you. So again, effectiveness defines performance of heat exchangers. And always remember your boilers and condensers are phase-change heat.

Which so boilers and condensers. So, we will circle back to these topics, of like how we, put all of our little. But we're going to build a little bit. And no one would operate a plant at those. So, in fact, the power plants are much. And you might have already guessed that. But the very first thing we're going to. And those have very significant practical performance issues. They also improve the cycle efficiency and we'll be able to see that through our. So, that's what we're going to do now. So, we take our basic power plant cycle. So, we have our pump. We have our condenser, and we have our.

And up here, we have our boiler. Notice, I'm making our boiler much stubbier than it was before because what. I want to do is emphasize here our superheater. So, what we're going to do is take, let's label our system, so here's my pump. Here's my turbine, here's my condenser, here's my boiler. Okay, on my basic temperature entropy diagram.

Well, there are a couple of key issues we. One is, your turbine doesn't like. So, notice that is we had a saturated.

It's going to have some aspects of vapor, and some aspects of liquid. And for this turbo machinery that's rotating, those droplets are going to. Pitting, so, potentially causing some. So, we don't want to operate our turbine. We want it to be entirely one phase, and.

06.05 Applications of Systems of Equations

So, from a practical standpoint, we don't. From a practical standpoint, we want to. Now, remember what we talked about last. For my Rankine cycle, I said we could. Approximate the cycle efficiency as being. Divided by the average temperature that we add heat. So, I want to operate out here in the superheat region.

Because it's better for the durability of my turbine. And if we look at this number here, here's T in average.

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Is defined by these limits here for the basic Rankine power plant. If I take that power plant, and say, I want to move this exit state out here,. Okay and this is just one boiler, with. I'm going to address two issues. I'm going to get that turbine so that. I'm adding heat. So, we can see that here. So again, I'm going to isentropically expand through my turbine. So now, this is two, the exit state of the superheated steam.

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