This increased use has raised public concerns and substantial controversy about the potential health effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic field EMF emissions of this technology. The World Health Organization WHO has recently recommended investigating the effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiations EMRs from mobile phone base stations to address public concerns. Studies indicate that the population residing near mobile phone base stations complain of nonspecific symptoms of ill-health such as headache and sleep disturbances.

Premature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of cell phones. Saliva modulates the ecosystem within the oral cavity, thus playing a crucial role in maintenance of oral homeostasis. We have hypothesized that the exposure to biomagnetic radiations from mobile phone base stations could result in intriguing general health problems and salivary gland function.

Effect of mobile phone on human health ppt

The present cross-sectional study was conducted at Jaipur, Rajasthan, India between January and May , The city of Jaipur was divided into north, south, east, and west zones. A total of four mobile base stations from each zone of Jaipur were randomly selected using lottery method with no other base station nearby, operating for at least 8 years as a result of which the newly setup base stations were excluded.

The radiation range of the selected towers was 0. Subjects above 18 years of age living in their present house for at least 8 years and a minimum of 8 h a day on an average were included in the study. Medically compromised and uncooperative subjects were excluded. Thus, a total of 40 individuals were included in the study and were divided into two groups. Group 1 was the case group, which included 20 subjects residing near the selected four mobile phone towers. Group 2 was the control group, which also included 20 individuals residing at least 1 km away in radius from the selected four towers.

The subjects included in both the groups were staying in that particular area for a minimum of 8 years, with the assumption of being exposed to these radiations more in the case group as compared to the control group. The patient's consent was sought for a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was originally developed in English; it was then translated and back-translated and piloted for use in the Hindi-speaking population. The questionnaire was administered prior to the examination.

With respect to the contents of the questionnaire, the Kappa coefficient was found to be 0. The values revealed a high degree of conformity in observation. The questionnaire included questions about the sociodemographic data, sources of EMF exposure, regular use of mobile telephones, medical history, and questions related to health problems such as sleep disturbances, dizziness, headache, and hypertension. Problems related to sleep were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI [ 13 ] and were rated by the participants on a frequency scale ranging from never to more than 3 days a week.

The study of salivary secretion was performed without any stimulus in the morning, and under standard temperature and humidity conditions. All the subjects refrained from eating, drinking, or smoking for a minimum of 2 h before saliva collection. Visual assessment of lower lip labial gland secretion was done by everting the lower lip.

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Then, labial mucosa was gently blotted with a small piece of gauge and the mucosa was observed under adequate light. Droplets of saliva were formed at the orifices of the minor salivary glands. If droplets appeared after 60 s, it signified low resting flow and if droplets appeared within 60 s, it signified normal resting flow.

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Salivary consistency was evaluated by visual assessment. Sticky frothy saliva residues signified increased viscosity, frothy bubbly saliva signified decreased viscosity, and watery clear saliva denoted normal viscosity. For recording salivary pH, patients were instructed to expectorate the saliva into the collection cup.

Mobile phone radiation and health

Then, pH test strip was placed into the saliva sample for 10 s, and then color change of the strip was observed and compared with the testing chart available with the package. The testing of stimulated saliva was performed by evaluating the saliva quantity and buffering capacity. Participants were instructed to chew on a piece of wax for 5 min and the saliva was collected into the collection cup and the quantity of saliva was then measured by checking the milliliter marking labeled on the container after 5 min.

Buffer test strip was removed from the foil package and placed into the absorbent tissue with the test side up. Using a pipette, sufficient saliva was collected from the collection cup and one drop was dispensed into each one of the three test pads. After 2 min, by adding the points according to the final color of each pad the final result was calculated. All analyses were done using MedCalc version For all tests, a P value of 0. The mean age was Comparison of self reported symptoms of primary interest for categories of exposure to EMR among case and control groups. Comparison of quantity of saliva and buffering capacity of stimulated saliva among cases group I and controls group II.

The results of the present study were in accordance to a questionnaire survey[ 14 ] where it was observed that people living in the vicinity of base stations had various complaints mostly of sleep disturbances, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache, and vertigo. Also, the results were similar to a study[ 15 ] where a majority of the subjects complained of headache and dizziness.

It was also observed that there was an influence of confounding variables such as the fear of adverse effects from exposure to high-frequency EMFs from the base station, which may result in self-reported symptoms such as headache and dizziness. But there was no significant effect on the sleep quality of individuals.

The findings were in contrast with the present study in which the highest percentage of effect on sleep quality in individuals was observed. The findings of the present study were also similar to the study,[ 16 ] which observed that sleep disorders and headache were among the most common health complaints due to electromagnetic hypersensitivity. The results of the present study were in accordance to a cross-sectional study[ 1 ] where the participants who were living in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station reported more health complaints than others.

The unstimulated whole saliva represents basal salivary flow rate, which is present in the oral cavity for about 14 h a day.

Cell phone and mobile tower radiation hazards

Secretion of stimulated saliva is initiated by physiologic, olfactory, visual, oropharyngeal, and esophageal stimulations produced before, during, and after eating, present in the oral cavity for up to 2 h. Thus, the study of unstimulated salivary secretion is an accurate method to analyze salivary gland status while stimulated saliva is useful for the study of the functional reserve. The subjects residing near mobile towers had low salivary secretion as compared to the control group.

It was also observed that a majority of the control group subjects had normal salivary consistency as compared to the resident group. The buffering capacity of saliva was low in the cases as compared to the controls. The reason might be attributed to radiation effects of the mobile phone base station on salivary glands. Salivary gland dysfunction is caused by damage to the plasma membrane of acinar cells or lack of proper cell renewal because of damage to the DNA of progenitor cells and stem cells.

It was unveiled in the present pilot study that people living in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations had various complaints such as sleep disturbances, headache, dizziness, irritability, concentration difficulties, and hypertension.

These findings were similar to a study where a number of respondents mentioned recent health effects but the association with base transmitter stations BTS could not be established and the awareness about the possible health hazards from electromagnetic waves of BTS was low among the participants. The potential health effects cannot be restricted to mobile phone base station frequency bands alone.

It can also be attributed to exposure due to other sources of radiofrequency Electromagnetic radiations in daily life such as mobile phones, cordless phones, and wireless local area networks. Additional studies applying a longitudinal design and involving more subjects are warranted to evaluate the effect of EMRs on general health and more specifically to oral health. We are grateful to Dr. Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India for extending his support and suggestions throughout our study. Aqueous gel composed of Although the thermal properties of substances can be measured by NMR methods 29 , standard values were taken from the literature to avoid error accumulation in the data analysis.

The measured parameters were location independent inside the WTS gel but varied for the heterogeneous brain tissue from Experimental setup for NMR thermometry of absorbed cell phone radiation. B MRI head coil holding antenna stand loaded with brain tissue and a fiber optic temperature sensor visible in high-resolution magnitude image inset.

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C Block diagram of RF transmitter. D Almost identical S 11 resonance curves for five brain tissue measurements confirm reproducible antenna alignment. E S 11 curves taken in and outside the bore show weak impact of MRI environment on loaded antenna. The 0. The RF transmitter see block diagram in Fig. A two-axis gimbal mount made of poly methyl methacrylate was used to adjust the tilt and spacing of the dipole arms relative to the container surface. A stand holding the phantom centered the setup inside the head coil Fig. The gimbal mount was tuned until a steep resonance curve was observed.

We note hydrostatic pressure inside the PVC container bends its walls, thereby preventing the antenna to orient fully parallel with its surface. At a typical average antenna spacing of about 4 mm relative to the surface, steep S 11 dips were obtained Fig. Ripples on S 11 indicate weak standing waves on the RF transport cable from a small impedance mismatch. A deionized water—filled glass capillary tube inner diameter, 0. The antenna was operated in continuous wave mode CW for 12 min heating phase at output power levels of , , , , and mW then turned off for about 6 min cooling phase.

Actual time was recorded electronically. The thermally induced frequency shift is measured by phase shift in imaging as both quantities are related through a time constant called echo time TE A nuclear spin phase shift method was adapted and optimized to characterize local temperature variations around the thermal hot spot in the brain tissue and the WTS gel.